A second cut at the cram tool, now with TOML and tests

projects/cram/BUILD

@@ -1,12 +1,28 @@
-zapp_binary(
+py_library(
-    name = "cram",
+    name = "lib",
-    main = "src/python/cram/__main__.py",
+    srcs = glob(["src/python/**/*.py"]),
-    imports = [
-        "src/python"
-    ],
     deps = [
         "//projects/vfs",
         py_requirement("click"),
         py_requirement("toposort"),
+        py_requirement("toml"),
     ]
 )
+
+zapp_binary(
+    name = "cram",
+    main = "src/python/cram/__main__.py",
+    shebang = "/usr/bin/env python3",
+    imports = [
+        "src/python"
+    ],
+    deps = [
+        ":lib",
+    ],
+)
+
+sh_test(
+    name = "test_cram",
+    srcs = glob(["test.sh"]),
+    data = glob(["test/**/*"]) + [":cram"],
+)

projects/cram/src/python/cram/__main__.py

@@ -1,13 +1,15 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Cram's entry point."""
 
 from itertools import chain
 import logging
 import os
 from pathlib import Path
 import pickle
-import re
 import sys
-from typing import NamedTuple
+from typing import List
+
+from .v0 import PackageV0, ProfileV0
+from .v1 import PackageV1, ProfileV1
 
 from vfs import Vfs
 
@@ -18,138 +20,51 @@ from toposort import toposort_flatten
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
-def stow(fs: Vfs, src_dir: Path, dest_dir: Path, skip=[]):
+def load(root: Path, name: str, clss):
-    """Recursively 'stow' (link) the contents of the source into the destination."""
+    for c in clss:
-
+        i = c(root, name)
-    dest_root = Path(dest_dir)
+        if i.test():
-    src_root = Path(src_dir)
+            return i
-    skip = [src_root / n for n in skip]
-
-    for src in src_root.glob("**/*"):
-        if src in skip:
-            continue
-
-        dest = dest_root / src.relative_to(src_root)
-        if src.is_dir():
-            fs.mkdir(dest)
-            fs.chmod(dest, src.stat().st_mode)
-
-        elif src.is_file():
-            fs.link(src, dest)
 
 
-class PackageV0(NamedTuple):
+def load_package(root, name):
-    """The original package format from install.sh."""
+    return load(root, name, [PackageV1, PackageV0])
-
-    root: Path
-    name: str
-    subpackages: bool = False
-
-    SPECIAL_FILES = ["BUILD", "PRE_INSTALL", "INSTALL", "POST_INSTALL", "REQUIRES"]
-
-    def requires(self):
-        """Get the dependencies of this package."""
-        requiresf = self.root / "REQUIRES"
-        requires = []
-
-        # Listed dependencies
-        if requiresf.exists():
-            with open(requiresf) as fp:
-                for l in fp:
-                    l = l.strip()
-                    l = re.sub(r"\s*#.*\n", "", l)
-                    if l:
-                        requires.append(l)
-
-        # Implicitly depended subpackages
-        if self.subpackages:
-            for p in self.root.glob("*"):
-                if p.is_dir():
-                    requires.append(self.name + "/" + p.name)
-
-        return requires
-
-    def install(self, fs: Vfs, dest: Path):
-        """Install this package."""
-        buildf = self.root / "BUILD"
-        if buildf.exists():
-            fs.exec(self.root, ["bash", str(buildf)])
-
-        pref = self.root / "PRE_INSTALL"
-        if pref.exists():
-            fs.exec(self.root, ["bash", str(pref)])
-
-        installf = self.root / "INSTALL"
-        if installf.exists():
-            fs.exec(self.root, ["bash", str(installf)])
-        else:
-            stow(fs, self.root, dest, self.SPECIAL_FILES)
-
-        postf = self.root / "POST_INSTALL"
-        if postf.exists():
-            fs.exec(self.root, ["bash", str(postf)])
 
 
-class ProfileV0(PackageV0):
+def load_profile(root, name):
-    def install(self, fs: Vfs, dest: Path):
+    return load(root, name, [ProfileV1, ProfileV0])
-        """Profiles differ from Packages in that they don't support literal files."""
-        buildf = self.root / "BUILD"
-        if buildf.exists():
-            fs.exec(self.root, ["bash", str(buildf)])
-
-        pref = self.root / "PRE_INSTALL"
-        if pref.exists():
-            fs.exec(self.root, ["bash", str(pref)])
-
-        installf = self.root / "INSTALL"
-        if installf.exists():
-            fs.exec(self.root, ["bash", str(installf)])
-
-        postf = self.root / "POST_INSTALL"
-        if postf.exists():
-            fs.exec(self.root, ["bash", str(postf)])
 
     
-def load_config(root: Path) -> dict:
+def load_packages(root: Path) -> dict:
     """Load the configured packages."""
 
-    packages = {
+    packages = {}
-        str(p.relative_to(root)): PackageV0(p, str(p.relative_to(root)))
+    for p in (root / "packages.d").glob("*"):
-        for p in (root / "packages.d").glob("*")
+        name = str(p.relative_to(root))
-    }
+        packages[name] = load_package(p, name)
 
     # Add profiles, hosts which contain subpackages.
     for mp_root in chain((root / "profiles.d").glob("*"), (root / "hosts.d").glob("*")):
 
         # First find all subpackages
-        for p in mp_root.glob(
+        for p in mp_root.glob("*"):
-            "*",
-        ):
             if p.is_dir():
-                packages[str(p.relative_to(root))] = PackageV0(
+                name = str(p.relative_to(root))
-                    p, str(p.relative_to(root))
+                packages[name] = load_package(p, name)
-                )
 
         # Register the metapackages themselves using the profile type
-        packages[str(mp_root.relative_to(root))] = ProfileV0(
+        mp_name = str(mp_root.relative_to(root))
-            mp_root, str(mp_root.relative_to(root)), True
+        packages[mp_name] = load_profile(mp_root, mp_name)
-        )
 
     return packages
 
 
-def build_fs(root: Path, dest: Path) -> Vfs:
+def build_fs(root: Path, dest: Path, prelude: List[str]) -> Vfs:
     """Build a VFS by configuring dest from the given config root."""
 
-    packages = load_config(root)
+    packages = load_packages(root)
-
+    requirements = []
-    hostname = os.uname()[1]
+    requirements.extend(prelude)
-
-    # Compute the closure of packages to install
-    requirements = [
-        f"hosts.d/{hostname}",
-        "profiles.d/default",
-    ]
 
     for r in requirements:
         try:
@@ -172,7 +87,7 @@ def build_fs(root: Path, dest: Path) -> Vfs:
     return fs
 
 
-def load_fs(statefile: Path) -> Vfs:
+def load_state(statefile: Path) -> Vfs:
     """Load a persisted VFS state from disk. Sort of."""
 
     oldfs = Vfs()
@@ -187,7 +102,7 @@ def load_fs(statefile: Path) -> Vfs:
     return oldfs
 
 
-def simplify(old_fs: Vfs, new_fs: Vfs) -> Vfs:
+def simplify(old_fs: Vfs, new_fs: Vfs, /, exec_idempotent=True) -> Vfs:
     """Try to reduce a new VFS using diff from the original VFS."""
 
     old_fs = old_fs.copy()
@@ -196,11 +111,21 @@ def simplify(old_fs: Vfs, new_fs: Vfs) -> Vfs:
     # Scrub anything in the new log that's in the old log
     for txn in list(old_fs._log):
         # Except for execs which are stateful
-        if txn[0] == "exec":
+        if txn[0] == "exec" and not exec_idempotent:
             continue
 
+        try:
             new_fs._log.remove(txn)
-        old_fs._log.remove(txn)
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+
+    # Dedupe the new log while preserving order
+    distinct = set()
+    for txn, idx in zip(new_fs._log, range(len(new_fs._log))):
+        if txn in distinct:
+            new_fs._log.pop(idx)
+        else:
+            distinct.add(txn)
 
     return new_fs
 
@@ -227,13 +152,15 @@ def cli():
     pass
 
 
-@cli.command()
+@cli.command("apply")
 @click.option("--execute/--dry-run", default=False)
 @click.option("--state-file", default=".cram.log", type=Path)
-@click.option("--optimize/--no-optimize", default=False)
+@click.option("--optimize/--no-optimize", default=True)
+@click.option("--require", type=str, multiple=True, default=[f"hosts.d/{os.uname()[1]}", "profiles.d/default"])
+@click.option("--exec-idempotent/--exec-always", "exec_idempotent", default=True)
 @click.argument("confdir", type=Path)
 @click.argument("destdir", type=Path)
-def apply(confdir, destdir, state_file, execute, optimize):
+def do_apply(confdir, destdir, state_file, execute, optimize, require, exec_idempotent):
     """The entry point of cram."""
 
     # Resolve the two input paths to absolutes
@@ -242,46 +169,37 @@ def apply(confdir, destdir, state_file, execute, optimize):
     if not state_file.is_absolute():
         state_file = root / state_file
 
-    new_fs = build_fs(root, dest)
+    new_fs = build_fs(root, dest, require)
-    old_fs = load_fs(state_file)
+    old_fs = load_state(state_file)
 
     # Middleware processing of the resulting filesystem(s)
     executable_fs = scrub(old_fs, new_fs)
     if optimize:
-        executable_fs = simplify(old_fs, new_fs)
+        executable_fs = simplify(old_fs, new_fs,
+                                 exec_idempotent=exec_idempotent)
 
     # Dump the new state.
     # Note that we dump the UNOPTIMIZED state, because we want to simplify relative complete states.
+    def cb(e):
+        print("-", *e)
+
     if execute:
-        executable_fs.execute()
+        executable_fs.execute(callback=cb)
 
         with open(state_file, "wb") as fp:
             pickle.dump(new_fs._log, fp)
 
     else:
         for e in executable_fs._log:
-            print("-", e)
+            cb(e)
 
 
-@cli.command()
+@cli.command("list")
-@click.option("--state-file", default=".cram.log", type=Path)
-@click.argument("confdir", type=Path)
-def show(confdir, state_file):
-    """List out the last `apply` state in the <confdir>/.cram.log or --state-file."""
-    root = confdir.resolve()
-    if not state_file.is_absolute():
-        state_file = root / state_file
-    fs = load_fs(state_file)
-    for e in fs._log:
-        print(*e)
-
-
-@cli.command()
 @click.argument("confdir", type=Path)
 @click.argument("list_packages", nargs=-1)
-def list(confdir, list_packages):
+def do_list(confdir, list_packages):
     """List out packages, profiles, hosts and subpackages in the <confdir>."""
-    packages = load_config(confdir)
+    packages = load_packages(confdir)
 
     if list_packages:
         dest = Path("~/")
@@ -305,9 +223,22 @@ def list(confdir, list_packages):
                 print(f"- {d}")
 
 
+@cli.command("state")
+@click.option("--state-file", default=".cram.log", type=Path)
+@click.argument("confdir", type=Path)
+def do_state(confdir, state_file):
+    """List out the last `apply` state in the <confdir>/.cram.log or --state-file."""
+    root = confdir.resolve()
+    if not state_file.is_absolute():
+        state_file = root / state_file
+    fs = load_state(state_file)
+    for e in fs._log:
+        print(*e)
+
+
 if __name__ == "__main__" or 1:
     logging.basicConfig(
-        level=logging.DEBUG,
+        level=logging.INFO,
         format="%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s",
     )
 

projects/cram/src/python/cram/common.py

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+from abc import abstractmethod
+from pathlib import Path
+from shlex import quote as sh_quote
+from typing import List, Optional
+
+from vfs import Vfs
+
+
+SHELL = "/bin/sh"
+
+def sh(cmd: List[str], /,
+       env: Optional[dict] = None):
+
+    prefix = []
+    if env:
+        prefix.append("/usr/bin/env")
+        for k, v in env.items():
+            v = sh_quote(str(v))
+            prefix.append(f"{k}={v}")
+
+    return tuple(prefix + [SHELL, *cmd])
+
+
+def stow(fs: Vfs, src_dir: Path, dest_dir: Path, skip=[]):
+    """Recursively 'stow' (link) the contents of the source into the destination."""
+
+    dest_root = Path(dest_dir)
+    src_root = Path(src_dir)
+    skip = [src_root / n for n in skip]
+
+    for src in src_root.glob("**/*"):
+        if src in skip:
+            continue
+
+        dest = dest_root / src.relative_to(src_root)
+        if src.is_dir():
+            fs.mkdir(dest)
+            fs.chmod(dest, src.stat().st_mode)
+
+        elif src.is_file():
+            fs.link(src, dest)
+
+
+class Package(object):
+    def __init__(self, root: Path, name: str):
+        self.root = root
+        self.name = name
+
+    def test(self):
+        return True
+
+    def requires(self):
+        return []
+
+    def install(self, fs: Vfs, dest: Path):
+        self.do_build(fs, dest)
+        self.pre_install(fs, dest)
+        self.do_install(fs, dest)
+        self.post_install(fs, dest)
+
+    def do_build(self, fs: Vfs, dest: Path):
+        pass
+
+    def pre_install(self, fs: Vfs, dest: Path):
+        pass
+
+    def do_install(self, fs: Vfs, dest: Path):
+        pass
+
+    def post_install(self, fs: Vfs, dest: Path):
+        pass

projects/cram/src/python/cram/v0.py

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+"""Cram's original (v0) configs.
+
+An ill-considered pseudo-format.
+"""
+
+from pathlib import Path
+import re
+from typing import NamedTuple
+
+from .common import Package, sh, stow
+
+from vfs import Vfs
+
+
+class PackageV0(Package):
+    """The original package format from install.sh."""
+
+    SPECIAL_FILES = ["BUILD", "PRE_INSTALL", "INSTALL", "POST_INSTALL", "REQUIRES"]
+
+    def requires(self):
+        """Get the dependencies of this package."""
+        requiresf = self.root / "REQUIRES"
+        requires = []
+
+        # Listed dependencies
+        if requiresf.exists():
+            with open(requiresf) as fp:
+                for l in fp:
+                    l = l.strip()
+                    l = re.sub(r"\s*#.*\n", "", l)
+                    if l:
+                        requires.append(l)
+
+        return requires
+
+    def install(self, fs: Vfs, dest: Path):
+        """Install this package."""
+        buildf = self.root / "BUILD"
+        if buildf.exists():
+            fs.exec(self.root, sh([str(buildf)]))
+
+        pref = self.root / "PRE_INSTALL"
+        if pref.exists():
+            fs.exec(self.root, sh([str(pref)]))
+
+        installf = self.root / "INSTALL"
+        if installf.exists():
+            fs.exec(self.root, sh([str(installf)]))
+        else:
+            stow(fs, self.root, dest, self.SPECIAL_FILES)
+
+        postf = self.root / "POST_INSTALL"
+        if postf.exists():
+            fs.exec(self.root, sh([str(postf)]))
+
+
+class ProfileV0(PackageV0):
+    def requires(self):
+        requires = super().requires()
+        for p in self.root.glob("*"):
+            if p.is_dir():
+                requires.append(self.name + "/" + p.name)
+        return requires
+
+    def install(self, fs: Vfs, dest: Path):
+        """Profiles differ from Packages in that they don't support literal files."""
+
+        buildf = self.root / "BUILD"
+        if buildf.exists():
+            fs.exec(self.root, sh([str(buildf)]))
+
+        pref = self.root / "PRE_INSTALL"
+        if pref.exists():
+            fs.exec(self.root, sh([str(pref)]))
+
+        installf = self.root / "INSTALL"
+        if installf.exists():
+            fs.exec(self.root, sh([str(installf)]))
+
+        postf = self.root / "POST_INSTALL"
+        if postf.exists():
+            fs.exec(self.root, sh([str(postf)]))

projects/cram/src/python/cram/v1.py

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+"""Cram's v1 configs.
+
+Based on well* defined TOML manifests, rather than many files.
+
+*Okay. Better.
+"""
+
+from hashlib import sha256
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import List, Optional, Union
+from typing import NamedTuple
+
+from .common import Package, sh, stow
+
+from vfs import Vfs
+
+import toml
+
+
+def tempf(name):
+    root = Path("/tmp/stow")
+    root.mkdir(exist_ok=True, parents=True)
+    return root / name
+
+
+class PackageV1(Package):
+    """The v1 package format."""
+
+    SPECIAL_FILES = ["config.toml"]
+    _config = None
+
+    def config(self):
+        if not self._config:
+            with open(self.root / self.SPECIAL_FILES[0], "r") as fp:
+                self._config = toml.load(fp)
+        return self._config
+
+    def test(self):
+        return (self.root / self.SPECIAL_FILES[0]).exists() and self.config().get("cram", {}).get("version") == 1
+
+    def requires(self):
+        """Get the dependencies of this package."""
+
+        return self.config().get("package", {}).get("requires") or [
+            it["name"] for it in self.config().get("package", {}).get("require", [])
+        ]
+
+    def do_sh_or_script(self, content: Optional[Union[List[str], str]], fs: Vfs, dest: Path, cwd: Path = "/tmp"):
+        if content is None:
+            pass
+
+        elif isinstance(content, list):
+            return any(self.do_sh_or_script(c, fs, dest) for c in content)
+
+        elif isinstance(content, dict):
+            return self.do_sh_or_script(content["run"], fs, dest, {"cwd": self.root}.get(content.get("root"), "/tmp"))
+
+        elif isinstance(content, str):
+            sum = sha256()
+            sum.update(content.encode("utf-8"))
+            sum = sum.hexdigest()
+
+            installf = self.root / content
+            if installf.exists():
+                with open(installf, "r") as fp:
+                    return self.do_sh_or_script(fp.read(), fs, dest)
+
+            elif content:
+                f = tempf(f"{sum}.sh")
+                with open(f, "w") as fp:
+                    fp.write(content)
+                    fs.exec(cwd, sh([f]))
+                    return True
+
+    def do_build(self, fs: Vfs, dest: Path):
+        self.do_sh_or_script(self.config().get("package", {}).get("build"), fs, dest)
+
+    def pre_install(self, fs: Vfs, dest: Path):
+        self.do_sh_or_script(self.config().get("package", {}).get("pre_install"), fs, dest)
+
+    def do_install(self, fs: Vfs, dest: Path):
+        if not self.do_sh_or_script(self.config().get("package", {}).get("install"), fs, dest):
+            stow(fs, self.root, dest, self.SPECIAL_FILES)
+
+    def post_install(self, fs: Vfs, dest: Path):
+        self.do_sh_or_script(self.config().get("package", {}).get("post_install"), fs, dest)
+
+
+class ProfileV1(PackageV1):
+    """Unline packages, profiles don't support recursive stow of contents."""
+
+    def do_install(self, fs: Vfs, dest: Path):
+        self.do_sh_or_script(self.config().get("package", {}).get("install"), fs, dest)
+
+    def requires(self):
+        requires = super().requires()
+
+        # Implicitly depended subpackages
+        for p in self.root.glob("*"):
+            if p.is_dir():
+                requires.append(self.name + "/" + p.name)
+
+        return requires

projects/cram/test.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+set -ex
+
+cd projects/cram
+
+dest=$(mktemp -d)
+
+./cram --help
+
+# Should be able to list all packages
+./cram list test/ | grep "packages.d/p1"
+
+# P3 depends on P1, should show up in the listing
+./cram list test/ packages.d/p3 | grep "packages.d/p1"
+
+# P4 depends on P3, should show up in the listing
+./cram list test/ packages.d/p4 | grep "packages.d/p3"
+
+# The default profile should depend on its subpackage
+./cram list test/ profiles.d/default | grep "profiles.d/default/subpackage"
+
+# And the subpackage has a dep
+./cram list test/ profiles.d/default/subpackage | grep "packages.d/p3"
+
+# Install one package
+./cram apply --no-optimize --require packages.d/p1 --execute test/ "${dest}"
+[ -L "${dest}"/foo ]
+./cram state test/ | grep "${dest}/foo"
+rm -r "${dest}"/*
+
+# Install two transitively (legacy)
+./cram apply --no-optimize --require packages.d/p3 --execute test/ "${dest}"
+[ -L "${dest}"/foo ]
+[ -L "${dest}"/bar ]
+./cram state test/ | grep "${dest}/foo"
+./cram state test/ | grep "${dest}/bar"
+rm -r "${dest}"/*
+
+# Install two transitively (current)
+./cram apply --no-optimize --require packages.d/p4 --execute test/ "${dest}"
+[ -L "${dest}"/foo ]
+[ -L "${dest}"/bar ]
+rm -r "${dest}"/*
+
+# Install two transitively (current)
+./cram apply --no-optimize --require packages.d/p4 --execute test/ "${dest}"
+[ -L "${dest}"/foo ]
+[ -L "${dest}"/bar ]
+rm -r "${dest}"/*
+
+# Install two transitively (current)
+./cram apply --no-optimize --require hosts.d/test --require profiles.d/default --execute test/ "${dest}"
+[ -L "${dest}"/foo ]
+[ -L "${dest}"/bar ]
+rm -r "${dest}"/*
+
+# INSTALL scripts get run as-is
+./cram list test/ packages.d/p5 | grep "packages.d/p5/INSTALL"
+
+# Inline scripts get pulled out repeatably
+./cram list test/ packages.d/p6 | grep "b5bea41b6c623f7c09f1bf24dcae58ebab3c0cdd90ad966bc43a45b44867e12b"
+
+# Inline scripts get pulled out repeatably, even from the list format
+./cram list test/ packages.d/p7 | grep "b5bea41b6c623f7c09f1bf24dcae58ebab3c0cdd90ad966bc43a45b44867e12b"
+
+# Test log-based optimization
+./cram apply --no-optimize --require packages.d/p4 --execute test/ "${dest}"
+[ -L "${dest}"/foo ]
+[ -L "${dest}"/bar ]
+# These paths were already linked, they shouldn't be re-linked when optimizing.
+! ./cram apply --require packages.d/p4 --optimize --execute test/ "${dest}" | grep "${dest}/foo"
+! ./cram apply --require packages.d/p4 --optimize --execute test/ "${dest}" | grep "${dest}/bar"
+rm -r "${dest}"/*
+
+# Likewise, if we've exec'd this once we shouldn't do it again
+./cram apply --no-optimize --require packages.d/p5 --execute test/ "${dest}"
+! ./cram apply --require packages.d/p5 --execute test/ "${dest}" | grep "exec"
+
+# ... unless the user tells us to
+./cram apply --no-optimize --require packages.d/p5 --execute test/ "${dest}"
+./cram apply --exec-always --require packages.d/p5 --execute test/ "${dest}" | grep "exec"
+
+# If multiple packages provide the same _effective_ script, do it once
+./cram apply --require packages.d/p6 --require packages.d/p7 --execute test/ "${dest}" | sort | uniq -c | grep "/tmp/stow/b5bea41b6c623f7c09f1bf24dcae58ebab3c0cdd90ad966bc43a45b44867e12b.sh" | grep "1 - exec"

projects/cram/test/hosts.d/test/config.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+[cram]
+version = 1
+
+[package]
+  [[package.require]]
+  name = "packages.d/p1"

projects/cram/test/packages.d/p1/foo

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+bar

projects/cram/test/packages.d/p2/bar

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+qux

projects/cram/test/packages.d/p3/REQUIRES

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+packages.d/p1
+packages.d/p2

projects/cram/test/packages.d/p4/config.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+[cram]
+version = 1
+
+[package]
+  [[package.require]]
+  name = "packages.d/p3"

projects/cram/test/packages.d/p5/INSTALL

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# A legacy custom install script
+true

projects/cram/test/packages.d/p6/config.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+[cram]
+version = 1
+
+[package]
+install = "true"

projects/cram/test/packages.d/p7/config.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+[cram]
+version = 1
+
+[package]
+  [[package.install]]
+  run = "true"

projects/cram/test/profiles.d/default/config.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+[cram]
+version = 1
+
+[package]

projects/cram/test/profiles.d/default/subpackage/config.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+[cram]
+version = 1
+
+[package]
+[[package.require]]
+name = "packages.d/p3"

projects/vfs/src/python/vfs/impl.py

@@ -16,9 +16,11 @@ class Vfs(object):
     def __init__(self, log=None):
         self._log = log or []
 
-    def execute(self):
+    def execute(self, /, callback=None):
         for e in self._log:
             _log.debug(e)
+            if callback:
+                callback(e)
 
             if e[0] == "exec":
                 _, dir, cmd = e